Potential hazards

• If possible, take suitable constructive measures to prevent burns.
• Potential crushing and pinching points should be secured by the operator, preferably by design, using fixed guards.
• Safeguard the danger zone with protective grilles.
• Guards must be designed according to the requirements of EN ISO 14120.

Unexpected start-up

• Prevent malfunctions or unexpected start-up in the event of a control system failure by circuit design using suitable hardware.
• In case of a defective output of the plant controller or plant control system, ensure a controlled restart.
• Ensure that the plant controller or plant control system returns to its home position and awaits release in the event of an unexpected start-up.

Uncontrolled movement, blockage of the piston rod

• Take appropriate measures to prevent uncontrolled, jerky movements or blocking of the piston rod in the event of a defective control or regulation system.
• Take appropriate measures to prevent uncontrolled movements or incorrect feedback in the event of a breakage of control lines from sensors or valves.
• Ensure that all outputs are de-energized in the event of a power failure.

Emergency stop

• Implement appropriate measures within the hydraulic system's emergency switch-off or emergency stop system to prevent hazards posed by the hydraulic cylinder.

Pressure rating

• Design all parts of the hydraulic system and the hydraulic cylinder or pressure intensifier to withstand pressures that
  • are higher than the maximum working pressure of the hydraulic system or a component.
  • exceed the rated pressure of the hydraulic system or a component.

• Ensure that pressure surges and pressure fluctuations do not cause hazards.

Pressure loss

•  Ensure that pressure loss or a critical lowering/sinking of the pressure does not pose a hazard to personnel or damage the machine.

Pressure fluctuations

• Pressure fluctuations that lead to exceeding the rated pressures must be avoided by appropriate measures.

Mountings

• Design the mounting of the hydraulic cylinders or pressure intensifiers such that
  • excessive deformation of the hydraulic cylinders or pressure intensifiers due to compressive or tensile loads is minimized.
  • the introduction of side or bending loads is minimized.
  • only the maximum permissible, specified side loads act on the piston rod.
  • the load acts axially on the axis of the cylinder's piston rod.
• Design the mounting surfaces such that twisting of the hydraulic cylinder or pressure intensifier is avoided when installed.
• Design and install mounting screws for hydraulic cylinders or pressure intensifiers and accessories such that they absorb all foreseeable forces.
• Ensure that mounting screws absorb the tilting moments.
• Consider the maximum expected loads and pressure peaks.
• If the hydraulic cylinder or pressure intensifier is used as an end stop, design the mounting components such that all occurring loads are absorbed without damage.
• Avoid stressing the hydraulic cylinder or pressure intensifier due to mounting surfaces.
• Consider pressure and temperature expansions.
• For pivoted mounting that requires continuous external lubrication: Minimize pivoting speeds.

Accessories, End Stops

• Secure all components attached to or connected with the hydraulic cylinder or pressure intensifier in such a way that loosening due to impacts or vibrations during operation is prevented.
• Prevent the loosening of adjustable external or internal stroke end stops through design measures.

When using internal cushioning:

• Consider the effects of mass deceleration during design and operation.

Buckling Resistance

• Ensure the buckling resistance of the hydraulic cylinder for every stroke position.

Accessibility

• Ensure that the hydraulic cylinder or pressure intensifier and accessories are easily accessible for maintenance and adjustment purposes, and that safe adjustment and maintenance are possible.
• Consider the adjustment of the cushioning devices and the complete replacement of the hydraulic cylinder or pressure intensifier.

Wear, Corrosion, Damage

• Protect piston rods against foreseeable damage (e.g., notches, scratches, corrosion).

Noise Emissions

• Minimize noise emissions through suitable measures.
  Observe airborne, structure-borne, and fluid noise.